Die Umstellung des bestehenden Pensionsversicherungssystems auf ein Kapitaldeckungsverfahren wurde in den letzten Jahren vor
allem in Deutschland mehrfach gefordert. Neben demographischem Wandel werden auch höheres Wirtschaftswachstum, positive Beschäftigungseffekte
und die vergleichsweise hohe Rendite von Kapitalanlagen als Gründe für einen vollständigen Systemwechsel angegeben. Kritiker
bezweifeln die Gültigkeit der Annahmen über die Reaktion des gesamtwirtschaftlichen Sparens bzw. des Arbeitskräfteangebotes
in solchen Modellen. Die – gemessen an der internen Rendite des Pensionsversicherungssystems – höhere Rendite einer Veranlagung
auf dem Kapitalmarkt kann für sich allein kein Grund zur vollständigen Umstellung auf eine Kapitaldeckung sein.
Keywords:Ertragsrisken kapitalgedeckter Pensionssysteme; Profitability Risks of Fully Funded Old-Age Pension Systems
Forschungsbereich:Makroökonomie und öffentliche Finanzen
Sprache:Deutsch
Profitability Risks of Fully Funded Old-Age Pension Systems
International studies call for converting the old-age pension scheme from the pay-as-you-go system to a fully funded system.
Instead of immediately paying out collected contributions to old-age pensioners, as is the case in a pay-as-you-go scheme,
income from contributions is to be invested in pension funds and paid out only at the time of retirement by way of a life
annuity. A complete changeover to the fully funded system will cause substantial conversion costs. All old-age pension entitlements
by insurees need to be refunded by the state either in cash or by issuing government bonds. This would bring to the fore the
national debt hidden in the pension insurance system. The amount of entitlements, however, does not change by conversion to
the fully funded system. Depending on whether redemption of pension claims is advanced or delayed, it is possible to redistribute
the burden for current and future generations. The burden caused to future generations by the expected ageing of the population
can be alleviated by advanced contributions or taxation. The effective yield of contributions paid into the pension insurance
system is low for those insured today, but it shows little variation. In contrast, yields from investing in securities are
markedly higher. But this gap is linked to a higher risk, i.e., capital investment may produce negative yields for several
consecutive years. If Austrian households are rather risk-averse, investment of their pension portfolio in shares will lead
to overall welfare loss. The low spread of share ownership and above-average concentration on income-securing measures by
the welfare state are indirect indications of the general risk aversion prevailing in Austria.