This paper investigates to which extent tough competition impacts on the macroeconomic performance of countries. The relation
between competition and innovation has been investigated intensely in industrial economics. It started with Schumpeter's hypothesis
that monopoly profits were necessary for innovation, leading then to U-curve relationships where innovation was highest for
medium-range competition, but lower for very tough competition as well as for a very lax competitive regime. Empirical studies
on the growth differences between countries increasingly stress – apart from the usual suspects like investment, R&D, human
capital – the role of institutions. They include indicators on regulation, government size, corruption and rule of law, but
usually not the degree of competition. Conventional growth theory did not model the impact of competition, but assumed perfect
competition. In New Growth Theory, economic growth depends on purposeful and maximising innovation activities, where market
structure plays an important role. But this did not result in the inclusion of competition variables into empirical growth
equations. We have attempted to narrow this gap by relating 13 indicators of the toughness of competition to macroeconomic
performance. We then added these competition indicators to an equation relating macro performance to the standard explanatory
variables for economic growth (like investment and R&D). The results indicate that competition plus innovation is a good recipe
at the macro level too, probably with similar tensions and non-linearity as at the company level.