{"id":450310,"date":"2026-06-30T16:26:40","date_gmt":"2026-06-30T14:26:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.wifo.ac.at\/publication\/450310\/"},"modified":"2026-06-30T16:26:40","modified_gmt":"2026-06-30T14:26:40","slug":"external-costs-of-agriculture-market-based-instruments-and-trade-policy-measures-to-support-a-reform-of-the-common-agricultural-policy","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/www.wifo.ac.at\/en\/publication\/450310\/","title":{"rendered":"External Costs of Agriculture: Market-based Instruments and Trade Policy Measures to Support a Reform of the Common Agricultural Policy"},"content":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","class_list":["post-450310","publication","type-publication","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":{"subtitle":"","text":"2.\tThe agricultural sector causes environmental damage with global impacts. The EU's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), which relies on regulatory measures and subsidies, fails to meet environmental targets in many cases. This paper analyses how market-based instruments based on the polluter-pays principle \u2013 agri-environmental levies and tradable permits \u2013 can internalise the external costs of agriculture. As a unilateral EU measure without accompanying trade policy would lead to production and emission shifts to third countries (leakage), three options for carbon border adjustment in the agricultural sector are examined: an extension of the existing Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) to agricultural goods, a Leakage Border Adjustment Mechanism (LBAM), and a consumption-based levy. Combining market-based instruments with appropriate trade policy safeguards could strengthen incentives for innovation, reduce administrative burdens and achieve environmental goals in a predictable manner \u2013 without destabilising the international trading system.","onlinedate":"2026-06-30 14:26:41","lang":"German","publication_series":"","publication_date":"20260630","publication_date_year":"","publication_date_full":true,"publication_num_pages":"","keywords":"[]","jelcodes":"[\"Q18\",\"Q58\",\"F13\",\"F18\"]","related_publications":"[\"e8d6d07e-73d6-4fdb-8c3d-5450da5215f3\",\"5b51a3ad-3bdb-43d3-9154-48bb265cf010\",\"3d3f3786-8c51-4039-907d-3e2952e6ed00\",\"bc75bcf5-32c2-4e14-8b8a-16bdc6fe5d92\"]","pdf":450312,"zip":null,"link":"","monthly_report":true,"monthly_report_main":false,"monthly_report_volume":"99","monthly_report_pages":"315-324","monthly_report_pages_sort":"315","issue":"6","journal":"WIFO-Monatsberichte","publisher":"","invisible":false,"external":false,"embargo_date":null,"types":[44312],"research_groups":[3491,3655],"collaboration":"","persons":[3547,3853],"persons_data":"[{\"personId\":3547,\"personName\":\"Elisabeth Christen\",\"organisationNames\":[]},{\"personId\":3853,\"personName\":\"Franz Sinabell\",\"organisationNames\":[]}]","clients":[],"subclients":[],"partners":[],"topics":[],"host_publication_title":"","host_publication_subtitle":"","place_of_publication":"","host_publication_editors":"[]","type_description":"","output_media":"","chapter":"","article_number":"","citations":"{\"apa\":\"<div class=\\\"rendering rendering_researchoutput  rendering_researchoutput_apa rendering_contributiontoperiodical rendering_apa rendering_contributiontoperiodical_apa\\\"><span>Christen, E.<\\\/span><span>, &amp; Sinabell, F.<\\\/span> (2026). <span>Externe Kosten der Landwirtschaft: Marktbasierte Instrumente und handelspolitische Flankierung einer Reform der Gemeinsamen Agrarpolitik<\\\/span>. <span><em>WIFO-Monatsberichte<\\\/em><\\\/span>, <em>99<\\\/em>(6), 315-324.<\\\/div>\",\"vancouver\":\"<div class=\\\"rendering rendering_researchoutput  rendering_researchoutput_vancouver rendering_contributiontoperiodical rendering_vancouver rendering_contributiontoperiodical_vancouver\\\"><span>Christen E<\\\/span><span>, Sinabell F<\\\/span>. <span class=\\\"title\\\"><span>Externe Kosten der Landwirtschaft: Marktbasierte Instrumente und handelspolitische Flankierung einer Reform der Gemeinsamen Agrarpolitik<\\\/span><\\\/span>. <span>WIFO-Monatsberichte<\\\/span>. 2026 Jun 30;99(6):315-324.<\\\/div>\",\"bibtex\":\"<div class=\\\"rendering rendering_researchoutput  rendering_researchoutput_bibtex rendering_contributiontoperiodical rendering_bibtex rendering_contributiontoperiodical_bibtex\\\"><div>@misc{8f7b8b7c1da94227b47eed8c31a2b458,<\\\/div><div>  title    = \\\"Externe Kosten der Landwirtschaft: Marktbasierte Instrumente und handelspolitische Flankierung einer Reform der Gemeinsamen Agrarpolitik\\\",<\\\/div><div>  abstract = \\\"Der Agrarsektor verursacht global wirksame Umweltsch{\\\\\\\"a}den, deren Ausma{\\\\ss} seine {\\\\\\\"o}konomische Wertsch{\\\\\\\"o}pfung in vielen Regionen {\\\\\\\"u}bersteigt. Die Gemeinsame Agrarpolitik (GAP) der EU, die auf Ordnungsrecht und Subventionen setzt, verfehlt viele Umweltziele. Der vorliegende Beitrag legt dar, wie marktbasierte Instrumente nach dem Verursacherprinzip \u2013 Agrarumweltabgaben und handelbare Zertifikate \u2013 externe Kosten der Landwirtschaft internalisieren k{\\\\\\\"o}nnten. Da unilaterale Ma{\\\\ss}nahmen der EU ohne handelspolitische Flankierung Produktions- und Emissionsverlagerungen in Drittl{\\\\\\\"a}nder (Leakage) zur Folge h{\\\\\\\"a}tten, werden drei Optionen f{\\\\\\\"u}r einen Grenzausgleich im Agrarsektor untersucht: eine Erweiterung des bestehenden CO2-Grenz-ausgleichsmechanismus (CBAM) auf Agrarg{\\\\\\\"u}ter, ein Leakage Border Adjustment Mechanism (LBAM) sowie eine verbrauchsbasierte Abgabe auf emissionsintensive G{\\\\\\\"u}ter. Durch die Kombination marktbasierter Instrumente mit einer geeigneten handelspolitischen Absicherung lie{\\\\ss}en sich Innovationsanreize erh{\\\\\\\"o}hen, der b{\\\\\\\"u}rokratische Aufwand reduzieren und Umweltziele in vorhersehbarer Weise erreichen, ohne das internationale Handelssystem zu destabilisieren.\\\",<\\\/div><div>  keywords = \\\"Gemeinsame Agrarpolitik, externe Kosten, Verursacherprinzip, marktbasierte Instrumente, Cap-and-Trade, CO2-Grenzausgleich, CBAM, Carbon Leakage, Agrarhandel\\\",<\\\/div><div>  author   = \\\"Elisabeth Christen and Franz Sinabell\\\",<\\\/div><div>  year     = \\\"2026\\\",<\\\/div><div>  month    = jun,<\\\/div><div>  day      = \\\"30\\\",<\\\/div><div>  language = \\\"Deutsch\\\",<\\\/div><div>  volume   = \\\"99\\\",<\\\/div><div>  pages    = \\\"315--324\\\",<\\\/div><div>  journal  = \\\"WIFO-Monatsberichte\\\",<\\\/div><p>}<\\\/p><\\\/div>\",\"ris\":\"<div class=\\\"rendering rendering_researchoutput  rendering_researchoutput_ris rendering_contributiontoperiodical rendering_ris rendering_contributiontoperiodical_ris\\\"><p>TY  - GEN<\\\/p><p>T1  - Externe Kosten der Landwirtschaft: Marktbasierte Instrumente und handelspolitische Flankierung einer Reform der Gemeinsamen Agrarpolitik<\\\/p><p>AU  - Christen, Elisabeth<\\\/p><p>AU  - Sinabell, Franz<\\\/p><p>PY  - 2026\\\/6\\\/30<\\\/p><p>Y1  - 2026\\\/6\\\/30<\\\/p><p>N2  - Der Agrarsektor verursacht global wirksame Umweltsch\u00e4den, deren Ausma\u00df seine \u00f6konomische Wertsch\u00f6pfung in vielen Regionen \u00fcbersteigt. Die Gemeinsame Agrarpolitik (GAP) der EU, die auf Ordnungsrecht und Subventionen setzt, verfehlt viele Umweltziele. Der vorliegende Beitrag legt dar, wie marktbasierte Instrumente nach dem Verursacherprinzip \u2013 Agrarumweltabgaben und handelbare Zertifikate \u2013 externe Kosten der Landwirtschaft internalisieren k\u00f6nnten. Da unilaterale Ma\u00dfnahmen der EU ohne handelspolitische Flankierung Produktions- und Emissionsverlagerungen in Drittl\u00e4nder (Leakage) zur Folge h\u00e4tten, werden drei Optionen f\u00fcr einen Grenzausgleich im Agrarsektor untersucht: eine Erweiterung des bestehenden CO2-Grenz-ausgleichsmechanismus (CBAM) auf Agrarg\u00fcter, ein Leakage Border Adjustment Mechanism (LBAM) sowie eine verbrauchsbasierte Abgabe auf emissionsintensive G\u00fcter. Durch die Kombination marktbasierter Instrumente mit einer geeigneten handelspolitischen Absicherung lie\u00dfen sich Innovationsanreize erh\u00f6hen, der b\u00fcrokratische Aufwand reduzieren und Umweltziele in vorhersehbarer Weise erreichen, ohne das internationale Handelssystem zu destabilisieren.<\\\/p><p>AB  - Der Agrarsektor verursacht global wirksame Umweltsch\u00e4den, deren Ausma\u00df seine \u00f6konomische Wertsch\u00f6pfung in vielen Regionen \u00fcbersteigt. Die Gemeinsame Agrarpolitik (GAP) der EU, die auf Ordnungsrecht und Subventionen setzt, verfehlt viele Umweltziele. Der vorliegende Beitrag legt dar, wie marktbasierte Instrumente nach dem Verursacherprinzip \u2013 Agrarumweltabgaben und handelbare Zertifikate \u2013 externe Kosten der Landwirtschaft internalisieren k\u00f6nnten. Da unilaterale Ma\u00dfnahmen der EU ohne handelspolitische Flankierung Produktions- und Emissionsverlagerungen in Drittl\u00e4nder (Leakage) zur Folge h\u00e4tten, werden drei Optionen f\u00fcr einen Grenzausgleich im Agrarsektor untersucht: eine Erweiterung des bestehenden CO2-Grenz-ausgleichsmechanismus (CBAM) auf Agrarg\u00fcter, ein Leakage Border Adjustment Mechanism (LBAM) sowie eine verbrauchsbasierte Abgabe auf emissionsintensive G\u00fcter. Durch die Kombination marktbasierter Instrumente mit einer geeigneten handelspolitischen Absicherung lie\u00dfen sich Innovationsanreize erh\u00f6hen, der b\u00fcrokratische Aufwand reduzieren und Umweltziele in vorhersehbarer Weise erreichen, ohne das internationale Handelssystem zu destabilisieren.<\\\/p><p>KW  - Gemeinsame Agrarpolitik<\\\/p><p>KW  - externe Kosten<\\\/p><p>KW  - Verursacherprinzip<\\\/p><p>KW  - marktbasierte Instrumente<\\\/p><p>KW  - Cap-and-Trade<\\\/p><p>KW  - CO2-Grenzausgleich<\\\/p><p>KW  - CBAM<\\\/p><p>KW  - Carbon Leakage<\\\/p><p>KW  - Agrarhandel<\\\/p><p>M3  - WIFO-Schriftenreihen<\\\/p><p>VL  - 99<\\\/p><p>SP  - 315<\\\/p><p>EP  - 324<\\\/p><p>JO  - WIFO-Monatsberichte<\\\/p><p>JF  - WIFO-Monatsberichte<\\\/p><p>ER  - <\\\/p><\\\/div>\"}","scientific_assistance":"[\"Weinberger Dietmar\"]","scientific_review":"[\"Wolfmayr Yvonne\"]","version":"","release_date":null,"expiration_date":null,"surveyor":"","research_assistance":"","edv":"","additional_info_de":"","additional_info_en":""},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.3 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - 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