The term "competitiveness" has been used in conceptually distinct ways at the firm, regional and national levels. After primarily
reviewing existing concepts at the national level, we introduce a new definition of regional competitiveness adapting definitions
used in the academic literature. Specifically, we connect "outcome competitiveness" with new perspectives on a more socially
inclusive and ecologically sustainable growth path, as envisaged in the WWWforEurope research programme, in which 33 European
research groups are taking part. Evaluating competitiveness requires both an input assessment (costs, productivity, economic
structure, capabilities) and an outcome assessment. We define regional outcome competitiveness as the ability of a region
to deliver beyond-GDP goals. For regions in industrialised countries, this ability depends on innovation, education, institutions,
social cohesion and ecological ambition. Given this new perspective (of broader beyond-GDP goals), social investments and
ecological ambitions should not be considered costs, but rather drivers of competitiveness. This is compatible with a new
innovation policy fostering non-technical innovations and a new industrial policy supporting societal goals. Applying this
concept to European regions, we show which regions take the "high road" to competitiveness and compare our results with the
existing literature.
Forschungsbereich:Makroökonomie und öffentliche Finanzen – Regionalökonomie und räumliche Analyse