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WIFO-Publikationen und Projektberichte(658 Treffer)

Stefan Schleicher (WIFO), Angela Köppl, Mark Sommer (WIFO), Stephan Lienin (Sustainserv), Martin Treberspurg, Doris Österreicher, Roman Grünner (BOKU), Reinhold Lang (JKU IAC), Manfred Mühlberger (ETA), Karl W. Steininger, Christian Hofer (Wegener Center), Welche Zukunft für Energie und Klima? Folgenabschätzungen für Energie- und Klimastrategien – Zusammenfassende Projektaussagen
Monographien, März 2018, 38 Seiten
Mit der Analyse für die künftige Ausgestaltung des österreichischen Energiesystems werden grundsätzlich zwei Intentionen verfolgt:
einerseits ein vertieftes Verständnis für den Umgang mit Energie aufzuzeigen und andererseits Kriterien für die Beurteilung
von Strategien vorzulegen. Dabei werden drei prioritäre Handlungsfelder identifiziert: multifunktionale Gebäude, die nicht
nur eine hohe energetische Qualität haben, sondern auch eine aktive Rolle bei der Bereitstellung von Energie übernehmen; verschränkte
Mobilität, die nicht nur den Übergang zu nicht-fossilen Antrieben beinhaltet, sondern auch Digitalisierung, etwa durch Informationstechnologien
für die Senkung des Verkehrsbedarfs; integrierte Netze mit neuen Optionen für Elektrizität in Clusterstrukturen, Wärme in
Energienetzen und Gas mit Potentialen aus biogenen Quellen und Wasserstoff. Dies eröffnet vor allem für den Einsatz erneuerbarer
Energie neue Optionen. Diese drei Handlungsfelder werden in der Analyse näher dargestellt.
Auftraggeber: Bundesministerium für Nachhaltigkeit und Tourismus
Studie von: Österreichisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung – Sustainserv GmbH – Universität für Bodenkultur Wien – Johannes Kepler Universität Linz, Institut für Analytische Chemie – ETA Umweltmanagement GmbH – Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Wegener Zentrum für Klima und Globalen Wandel
Online seit: 22.03.2018 0:00

Claudia Kettner-Marx, Mathias Kirchner, Daniela Kletzan-Slamanig, Mark Sommer, Kurt Kratena (WIFO), Stefan E. Weishaar, Irene Burgers (Rijksuniversiteit Groningen), CATs – Options and Considerations for a Carbon Tax in Austria. Policy Brief
Monographien, Februar 2018, 17 Seiten
The CATs project focused on carbon taxes as a policy instrument for achieving emission reductions particularly in sectors
not covered by the EU Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS). Based on a systematic review of carbon taxes in EU member countries
and a qualitative assessment of the implementation barriers and success factors in frontrunner countries a model-based analysis
of the effects of various carbon tax scenarios for Austria was performed. Policy recommendations were developed for Austria
and the EU. The project results suggest that carefully designed CO2 tax schemes can play an important part in achieving greenhouse
gas emission targets for non-ETS sectors in Austria with potentially positive distributive and macroeconomic impacts.
Studie von: Österreichisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung – Rijksuniversiteit Groningen
Auftraggeber: Klima- und Energiefonds
Online seit: 07.03.2018 0:00

Irene Burgers, Stefan E. Weishaar, Designing Carbon Taxes Is Not an Easy Task. Legal Perspectives
WIFO Working Papers, 2018, (559), 26 Seiten
The aim of this paper is to map legal aspects that should be taken into account in designing a carbon tax. The survey of the
legal literature concludes that many different aspects have to be taken into account in designing a carbon tax, both with
respect to the kind of legal instruments to be used and the actual design of the tax. It is analysed how these legal concepts
relate to economic theory. This overview of legal considerations may help in creating a sustainable, effective and efficient
regulatory system for reducing emissions, as carbon taxes can play a crucial role for achieving long-term emission reductions.
Online seit: 01.03.2018 0:00

Mathias Kirchner, Mark Sommer, Claudia Kettner-Marx, Daniela Kletzan-Slamanig, Katharina Köberl, Kurt Kratena, CO2 Tax Scenarios for Austria. Impacts on Household Income Groups, CO2 Emissions, and the Economy
WIFO Working Papers, 2018, (558), 61 Seiten
We assess distributive, macroeconomic, and CO2 emission impacts of CO2 tax schemes in Austria by applying the macroeconomic
input-output model DYNK[AUT]. The tax schemes analysed focus primarily on CO2 emissions not covered by the European Emission
Trading System (ETS), applying different CO2 tax rates as well as tax compensation schemes. We perform comparative scenario
analysis for our model's base year (i.e., short-term impacts). Our model simulations indicate that – without tax compensation
– impacts on households can be regressive if measured as tax burden relative to income, and are found to be rather proportional
if measured as tax burden relative to expenditure or as changes in total expenditure and income. Lower income households benefit
more from tax compensations (lump sum payments), i.e., CO2 taxes with compensation measures for households lead to progressive
tax burden impacts. Energy-related CO2 emissions decrease quite substantially in non-ETS sectors, although households react
inelastic. Value added in most non-ETS industry and service sectors declines only slightly without tax compensation and commodity
import shares are hardly affected. Decreasing employers' social contribution (i.e., lowering labour costs) mitigates negative
impacts in most non-ETS industry and service sectors. GDP decreases very moderately without tax recycling, depending on the
tax rate. Employment effects are similar but smaller. Tax recycling leads to negligible GDP impacts and increases employment.
Our simulations thus suggest that CO2 taxes could be a crucial and socially acceptable element within a comprehensive set
of policy instruments in order to contribute to achieving greenhouse-gas emission targets for non-ETS sectors in Austria.
Online seit: 01.03.2018 0:00

Stefan E. Weishaar, Introducing Carbon Taxes at Member State Level. Issues and Barriers
WIFO Working Papers, 2018, (557), 22 Seiten
This paper examines the implementation issues and barriers for introducing a carbon tax at EU member state level. Important
success determinants are related to the political economy of introducing taxes (negotiations with stakeholders, concessions,
changes in proposed legislation, compromises, etc.) which translate i.a. into competitiveness issues, and fairness/equity/distribution
issues. For these the design of the carbon tax exemptions, and safeguards to prevent progressivity and the use of the tax
proceeds are important. The analysis will focus on the "frontrunner" countries in the EU which have been very successful in
terms of the introduction of carbon taxes (Sweden, Denmark and Finland). The countries employed different implementation strategies
but underscore the importance of successful issue, timing, linking and to foster political support by safeguarding competitiveness
and by addressing income distributions.
Online seit: 01.03.2018 0:00

Stefan E. Weishaar, Carbon Taxes at EU Level. Introduction Issues and Barriers
WIFO Working Papers, 2018, (556), 17 Seiten
The excitement about concluding the Paris Agreement is giving way to the sobering realisation that a lot more needs to be
done to attain its climate policy objective. More and more EU member countries embrace carbon taxes but the national measures
differ strongly. In an integrated European market this challenges the level playing field of competing industries and the
transboundary nature of regulating a global pollutant and calls for a solution on EU level (or higher). Past attempts to regulate
carbon emissions at EU level by fiscal measures have, however, been markedly unsuccessful. This paper therefore examines introduction
issues and barriers of a CO2 tax at EU level and offers policy suggestions to move forward.
Online seit: 01.03.2018 0:00

Claudia Kettner-Marx, Daniela Kletzan-Slamanig, Energy and Carbon Taxes in the EU. Empirical Evidence with Focus on the Transport Sector
WIFO Working Papers, 2018, (555), 20 Seiten
This paper provides an overview of energy and (implicit) CO2 taxation in the EU member countries. Against the background of
the EU energy taxation directives, energy and implicit CO2 tax rates in the EU countries are discussed, focussing on taxation
in the transport sector as a major non-ETS emitter. Empirical evidence on the impact of energy and carbon taxes on energy
use and emissions is presented and the economic and distributional effects of energy and carbon taxes are then discussed.
Research on energy price elasticities suggests that energy and carbon taxation can make a significant contribution towards
achieving emission reductions, particularly in the transport sector where greenhouse gas emissions continue to be on the rise
in the EU. Evidence on the economic impacts of energy and carbon taxes furthermore shows that a double divided can be achieved.
With respect to the distributional impacts of carbon and energy taxes evidence is, however, mixed. While empirical studies
generally negate regressive effects for taxes on transport fuels, energy and carbon taxes on heating fuels tend to be found
regressive.
Online seit: 01.03.2018 0:00

Claudia Kettner-Marx, Daniela Kletzan-Slamanig, Carbon Taxes from an Economic Perspective
WIFO Working Papers, 2018, (554), 18 Seiten
Economic literature generally favours market-based instruments for regulating environmental externalities since they ensure
compliance at the least cost to society. Emission taxes have been increasingly introduced internationally, with the focus
shifting to CO2 after the adoption of the Kyoto Protocol in 1997. In this paper, the theoretical economic literature on energy
and emission taxes is reviewed. The focus is on theoretical recommendations regarding the optimal design of environmental
and especially carbon taxes, their performance relative to other instruments, the concept of a double dividend as well as
potential competitiveness and distribution effects. Carbon taxation can play a key role in climate policy and for achieving
long-term emission reductions. This overview of economic considerations may help in creating a sustainable, effective and
efficient regulatory system for reducing emissions.
Online seit: 01.03.2018 0:00

Claudia Kettner-Marx, Daniela Kletzan-Slamanig, Policy Brief: Klimapolitikintegration und Politikkohärenz in Österreich und der EU. Welche Fortschritte sind zu verzeichnen?
Monographien, Jänner 2018, 10 Seiten
Die Begrenzung des anthropogenen Klimawandels erfordert eine weitgehende Dekarbonisierung und somit eine Umstrukturierung
des Energiesystems, der Produktions- und Konsummuster. Um dies zu erreichen, muss Klimapolitik als Querschnittsthema anerkannt
und in andere Politikbereiche integriert werden, da viele klimarelevante Entscheidungen in Ressorts getroffen werden, die
Klimapolitik nicht als oberste Kompetenz haben. Die Berücksichtigung der komplexen Wechselwirkungen und langfristigen Anforderungen
in der Entscheidungsfindung anderer Ressorts ist die Voraussetzung für kohärente Politik und die Erreichung der Klimaziele.
Bislang ist jedoch noch eine gewisse Diskrepanz zwischen dem politischen Bekenntnis zur Bekämpfung des Klimawandels – etwa
durch die Ratifizierung des Pariser Abkommens – und der tatsächlichen umfassenden Integration von Klimapolitik in andere relevante
Bereiche erkennbar.
Studie von: Österreichisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung
Mit finanzieller Unterstützung von: Jubiläumsfonds der Oesterreichischen Nationalbank
Online seit: 01.02.2018 0:00

Claudia Kettner-Marx, Daniela Kletzan-Slamanig, Climate Policy Integration at the National and Regional Level. A Case Study for Austria and Styria
WIFO Working Papers, 2018, (552), 29 Seiten
In order to limit climate change the cross-cutting nature of climate policy needs to be recognised. Many climate-relevant
decisions are taken in other policy areas with only little regard to climate change impacts. In order for climate policy to
be successful it has to be integrated in decision making and legislative processes in basically all policy areas and all levels
of government. In this paper we analyse the extent of climate policy integration in Austrian policy-making via in-depth expert
interviews, both on the federal level as well as on the regional level using Styria as case study. The results show a broad
range of perceptions regarding the degree of climate policy integration in Austria. On the one hand, the consideration of
climate policy issues depends on the core competence of the respective institution. On the other hand, we found widely diverging
views on whether climate policy in Austria is too ambitious or too weak. Especially, potential negative impacts of climate
policy on competitiveness or employment are seen to hamper a more ambitious implementation of mitigation policies. Cooperation
on climate policy issues is generally rated as good by the interviewees from administration and interest groups, but conflicts
of interest that result from the organisations' core functions negatively impact on the perceived quality of cooperation.
In case of conflicting targets it is widely noticed that "traditional" policy objectives like employment or competitiveness
are given priority over climate issues.
Online seit: 01.02.2018 0:00